Table of Contents

Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Market Research Report 2018

1 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Market Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of 3-Methyl-1-Butanol

1.2 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Segment by Type (Product Category)

1.2.1 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type (Product Category)(2013-2025)

1.2.2 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017

1.2.3 0.99

1.2.4 0.98

1.3 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Segment by Application

1.3.1 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2013-2025)

1.3.2 Synthetic Spices

1.3.3 Synthetic Pesticide

1.3.4 synthetic Rubber

1.3.5 Other

1.4 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Market by Region (2013-2025)

1.4.1 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Market Size (Value) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Region (2013-2025)

1.4.2 North America Status and Prospect (2013-2025)

1.4.3 Europe Status and Prospect (2013-2025)

1.4.4 China Status and Prospect (2013-2025)

1.4.5 Japan Status and Prospect (2013-2025)

1.4.6 Southeast Asia Status and Prospect (2013-2025)

1.4.7 India Status and Prospect (2013-2025)

1.5 Global Market Size (Value) of 3-Methyl-1-Butanol (2013-2025)

1.5.1 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue Status and Outlook (2013-2025)

1.5.2 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production Status and Outlook (2013-2025)

2 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Market Competition by Manufacturers

2.1 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production and Share by Manufacturers (2013-2018)

2.1.1 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity and Share by Manufacturers (2013-2018)

2.1.2 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production and Share by Manufacturers (2013-2018)

2.2 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2013-2018)

2.3 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Average Price by Manufacturers (2013-2018)

2.4 Manufacturers 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type

2.5 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Market Competitive Situation and Trends

2.5.1 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Market Concentration Rate

2.5.2 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers

2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production, Revenue (Value) by Region (2013-2018)

3.1 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)

3.2 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)

3.3 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue (Value) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018)

3.4 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

3.5 North America 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

3.6 Europe 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

3.7 China 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

3.8 Japan 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

3.9 Southeast Asia 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

3.10 India 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

4 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Supply (Production), Consumption, Export, Import by Region (2013-2018)

4.1 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Consumption by Region (2013-2018)

4.2 North America 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2013-2018)

4.3 Europe 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2013-2018)

4.4 China 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2013-2018)

4.5 Japan 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2013-2018)

4.6 Southeast Asia 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2013-2018)

4.7 India 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2013-2018)

5 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type

5.1 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)

5.2 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018)

5.3 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Price by Type (2013-2018)

5.4 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production Growth by Type (2013-2018)

6 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Market Analysis by Application

6.1 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Consumption and Market Share by Application (2013-2018)

6.2 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)

6.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities

6.3.1 Potential Applications

6.3.2 Emerging Markets/Countries

7 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Manufacturers Profiles/Analysis

7.1 Xudong Chem

7.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

7.1.2 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Product Category, Application and Specification

7.1.2.1 Product A

7.1.2.2 Product B

7.1.3 Xudong Chem 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

7.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.2 NHU

7.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

7.2.2 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Product Category, Application and Specification

7.2.2.1 Product A

7.2.2.2 Product B

7.2.3 NHU 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

7.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview

7.3 Juhong Chemical

7.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

7.3.2 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Product Category, Application and Specification

7.3.2.1 Product A

7.3.2.2 Product B

7.3.3 Juhong Chemical 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

7.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview

...

8 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Manufacturing Cost Analysis

8.1 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Key Raw Materials Analysis

8.1.1 Key Raw Materials

8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

8.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials

8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure

8.2.1 Raw Materials

8.2.2 Labor Cost

8.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses

8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of 3-Methyl-1-Butanol

9 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

9.1 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Industrial Chain Analysis

9.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing

9.3 Raw Materials Sources of 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Major Manufacturers in 2017

9.4 Downstream Buyers

10 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

10.1 Marketing Channel

10.1.1 Direct Marketing

10.1.2 Indirect Marketing

10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend

10.2 Market Positioning

10.2.1 Pricing Strategy

10.2.2 Brand Strategy

10.2.3 Target Client

10.3 Distributors/Traders List

11 Market Effect Factors Analysis

11.1 Technology Progress/Risk

11.1.1 Substitutes Threat

11.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry

11.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change

11.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change

12 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Market Forecast (2018-2025)

12.1 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production, Revenue Forecast (2018-2025)

12.1.1 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)

12.1.2 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)

12.1.3 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Price and Trend Forecast (2018-2025)

12.2 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Consumption , Import and Export Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

12.2.1 North America 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2018-2025)

12.2.2 Europe 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2018-2025)

12.2.3 China 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2018-2025)

12.2.4 Japan 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2018-2025)

12.2.5 Southeast Asia 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2018-2025)

12.2.6 India 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2018-2025)

12.3 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2018-2025)

12.4 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Consumption Forecast by Application (2018-2025)

13 Research Findings and Conclusion

14 Appendix

14.1 Methodology/Research Approach

14.1.1 Research Programs/Design

14.1.2 Market Size Estimation

14.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation

14.2 Data Source

14.2.1 Secondary Sources

14.2.2 Primary Sources

14.3 Disclaimer

List of Tables and Figures

Figure Picture of 3-Methyl-1-Butanol

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production (MT) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Types (Product Category) (2013-2025)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production Market Share by Types (Product Category) in 2017

Figure Product Picture of 0.99

Table Major Manufacturers of 0.99

Figure Product Picture of 0.98

Table Major Manufacturers of 0.98

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Consumption (MT) by Applications (2013-2025)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2017

Figure Synthetic Spices Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Synthetic Spices

Figure Synthetic Pesticide Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Synthetic Pesticide

Figure synthetic Rubber Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in synthetic Rubber

Figure Other Examples

Table Key Downstream Customer in Other

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Market Size (Million USD), Comparison (MT) and CAGR (%) by Regions (2013-2025)

Figure North America 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)

Figure Europe 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)

Figure China 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)

Figure Japan 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)

Figure Southeast Asia 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)

Figure India 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue (Million USD) Status and Outlook (2013-2025)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production (MT) Status and Outlook (2013-2025)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Major Players Product Capacity (MT) (2013-2018)

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity (MT) of Key Manufacturers (2013-2018)

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers (2013-2018)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity (MT) of Key Manufacturers in 2017

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity (MT) of Key Manufacturers in 2018

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Major Players Product Production (MT) (2013-2018)

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production (MT) of Key Manufacturers (2013-2018)

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production Share by Manufacturers (2013-2018)

Figure 2017 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production Share by Manufacturers

Figure 2017 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production Share by Manufacturers

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2013-2018)

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue (Million USD) by Manufacturers (2013-2018)

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2013-2018)

Table 2017 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue Share by Manufacturers

Table 2018 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue Share by Manufacturers

Table Global Market 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Average Price (USD/Kg) of Key Manufacturers (2013-2018)

Figure Global Market 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Average Price (USD/Kg) of Key Manufacturers in 2017

Table Manufacturers 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area

Table Manufacturers 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Product Category

Figure 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Market Share of Top 3 Manufacturers

Figure 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Market Share of Top 5 Manufacturers

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity (MT) by Region (2013-2018)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity Market Share by Region (2013-2018)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity Market Share by Region (2013-2018)

Figure 2017 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity Market Share by Region

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production by Region (2013-2018)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production (MT) by Region (2013-2018)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production Market Share by Region (2013-2018)

Figure 2017 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production Market Share by Region

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue (Million USD) by Region (2013-2018)

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue Market Share by Region (2013-2018)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue Market Share by Region (2013-2018)

Table 2017 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue Market Share by Region

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production (MT) and Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table North America 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table Europe 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table China 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table Japan 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table Southeast Asia 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table India 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Consumption (MT) Market by Region (2013-2018)

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Consumption Market Share by Region (2013-2018)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Consumption Market Share by Region (2013-2018)

Figure 2017 Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Consumption (MT) Market Share by Region

Table North America 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Consumption, Import & Export (MT) (2013-2018)

Table Europe 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Consumption, Import & Export (MT) (2013-2018)

Table China 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Consumption, Import & Export (MT) (2013-2018)

Table Japan 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Consumption, Import & Export (MT) (2013-2018)

Table Southeast Asia 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Consumption, Import & Export (MT) (2013-2018)

Table India 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Consumption, Import & Export (MT) (2013-2018)

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production (MT) by Type (2013-2018)

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production Share by Type (2013-2018)

Figure Production Market Share of 3-Methyl-1-Butanol by Type (2013-2018)

Figure 2017 Production Market Share of 3-Methyl-1-Butanol by Type

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue (Million USD) by Type (2013-2018)

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018)

Figure Production Revenue Share of 3-Methyl-1-Butanol by Type (2013-2018)

Figure 2017 Revenue Market Share of 3-Methyl-1-Butanol by Type

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Price (USD/Kg) by Type (2013-2018)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production Growth by Type (2013-2018)

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Consumption (MT) by Application (2013-2018)

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Consumption Market Share by Application (2013-2018)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Consumption Market Share by Applications (2013-2018)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Consumption Market Share by Application in 2017

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018)

Table Xudong Chem Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table Xudong Chem 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Figure Xudong Chem 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure Xudong Chem 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production Market Share (2013-2018)

Figure Xudong Chem 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue Market Share (2013-2018)

Table NHU Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table NHU 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Figure NHU 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure NHU 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production Market Share (2013-2018)

Figure NHU 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue Market Share (2013-2018)

Table Juhong Chemical Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors

Table Juhong Chemical 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2013-2018)

Figure Juhong Chemical 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production Growth Rate (2013-2018)

Figure Juhong Chemical 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production Market Share (2013-2018)

Figure Juhong Chemical 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue Market Share (2013-2018)

Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material

Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials

Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials

Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of 3-Methyl-1-Butanol

Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of 3-Methyl-1-Butanol

Figure 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Industrial Chain Analysis

Table Raw Materials Sources of 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Major Manufacturers in 2017

Table Major Buyers of 3-Methyl-1-Butanol

Table Distributors/Traders List

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Capacity, Production (MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Price (Million USD) and Trend Forecast (2018-2025)

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production (MT) Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Consumption (MT) Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Consumption Market Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025)

Figure North America 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production (MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)

Figure North America 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)

Table North America 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Consumption, Export and Import (MT) Forecast (2018-2025)

Figure Europe 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production (MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)

Figure Europe 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)

Table Europe 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Consumption, Export and Import (MT) Forecast (2018-2025)

Figure China 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production (MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)

Figure China 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)

Table China 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Consumption, Export and Import (MT) Forecast (2018-2025)

Figure Japan 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production (MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)

Figure Japan 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)

Table Japan 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Consumption, Export and Import (MT) Forecast (2018-2025)

Figure Southeast Asia 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production (MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)

Figure Southeast Asia 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)

Table Southeast Asia 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Consumption, Export and Import (MT) Forecast (2018-2025)

Figure India 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production (MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)

Figure India 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025)

Table India 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production, Consumption, Export and Import (MT) Forecast (2018-2025)

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production (MT) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Production (MT) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue (Million USD) Forecast by Type (2018-2025)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2018-2025)

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Price Forecast by Type (2018-2025)

Table Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Consumption (MT) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)

Figure Global 3-Methyl-1-Butanol Consumption (MT) Forecast by Application (2018-2025)

Table Research Programs/Design for This Report

Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report

Figure Data Triangulation

Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources

Table Key Data Information from Primary Source